A 2015 study published in The Journal of Neuroscience outlined the discovery that during forced breathing, high CSF flow was elicited during inspiration (breathing in). It seems evident that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) movement in the brain is predominantly driven by respiration. This entire process constitutes one “round” of WHM and is generally repeated for a minimum of 3 rounds for optimized effect. Following the breath retention, a deep inhalation takes place which is then held for 10 seconds. The final exhalation is a forceful complete emptying of the lungs immediately followed by a breath hold of 30 seconds or more. Generally speaking, the WHM breathing technique consists of roughly 30 deep inhalations with passive exhalations. Now that we’ve identified the various periphery physiological correlations associated with AD, let us take a look at the WHM breathing exercise (not cold exposure due to potential AD patient intolerance) and the potentiality for it to address these conditions. It was also cited that low extracellular pH increased amyloid-beta plaque load in animal models of AD. A 2021 meta-analysis published in the journal Neurobiology of Aging found that AD is associated with decreased brain pH and decreased CSF pH in humans. In addition, these animals exuded neuroinflammation and abnormal mitochondrial function. Animals exposed to one single episode of hypoxia over 24 hours had increased expressions of amyloid precursor protein (APP), anterior pharynx-defective 1 (APH1) and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5). A 2018 study published in the journal Frontiers in Neuroscience observed that exposing animals to acute hypoxia could induce AD-like pathological damage. This coincides with decreased cerebral blood flow also observed in AD. The researchers found that patients with lower CSF flow had significantly worse memory, visuoconstructive capacities, and verbal fluency.Ī 2006 study published in the journal of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences observed that hypoxia (reduced oxygen and decreased pH) facilitates AD pathogenesis by upregulating BACE1 gene expression. A 2019 study published in the journal Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience observed that decreased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow is associated with cognitive impairment in the elderly. The researchers found a 23% decrease in CSF clearance and a 66% fewer superior nasal turbinate CSF drainage sites. ![]() A 2017 study published in the Journal of Nuclear Medicine found that patients with AD had markedly decreased CSF clearance compared to control subjects. The researchers observed that Alzheimer’s patients produced 50% less CSF than average secretory rates. A 2001 study published in the journal Neurology observed that patients with Alzheimer’s disease had a marked reduction in CSF production. CSF is also responsible for removing waste products from the brain as well as maintaining the proper function of the central nervous system. A 2018 study published in the American Journal of Translational Research observed that hypoxia (low oxygen levels) promotes the accumulation of beta-amyloid protein in the brain via inducing increased interaction between the CD147 and Hook1 genes.Ĭerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless fluid that surrounds the brain, is found within the brain tissue as well as throughout the spinal cord. Reductions in CBF have been observed from 10 to 28% in subjects with AD. A 2011 review in the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease outlined numerous studies utilizing various forms of measurement (SPECT, MRI, PET) to quantify and verify this occurrence of hypoperfusion in AD. Sufficient cerebral blood flow (CBF) is key for the proper delivery of oxygen and metabolic nutrients to the brain. One of the consistent abnormalities observed throughout AD progression, pre-clinical phases of AD and even cognitively healthy subjects at high-risk to develop AD is hypoperfusion (reduced cerebral blood flow). ![]() ![]() While much of the predominant discussion surrounding AD has been in regards to an accumulation of beta-amyloid protein, there appear to be other consistent abnormalities associated with the illness.
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